Hard-copy paper communication such as letters, memos, forms, emails, etc. falls under which category?

• A. Formal Communication
• B. Written Communication
• C. Oral Communication
• D. Nonverbal Communication

Answer: (B)

The concept here is written communication. Messages that rely on written symbols—such as letters, memos, forms, and even emails—are conveyed through text rather than through spoken words or nonverbal cues. Even though emails are digital, they are still read and understood as writing, which places them squarely in the written category. This distinguishes them from oral communication, which uses spoken language and voice, and from nonverbal communication, which relies on gestures, facial expressions, and other cues without words. Written communication often serves as a lasting record, which is another helpful context for why this category fits.