Which theory posits two sets of needs: hygiene factors and motivators?

• A. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• B. Theory Z
• C. Herzberg's Hygiene Theory of Motivation
• D. McGregor's X and Y Theory

Answer: (C)

Two-factor theory divides needs into two distinct sets: hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are about the work environment and context—things like company policies, supervision quality, salary, working conditions, relationships, and job security. When these are lacking, people feel dissatisfied, but simply improving them doesn’t create lasting motivation. Motivators, on the other hand, come from the work itself—achievements, recognition, the meaningfulness of the work, responsibility, and opportunities for advancement. These factors build genuine motivation and job satisfaction when present.

This separation is what makes the theory unique: you must first reduce dissatisfaction by addressing hygiene factors, and you boost motivation by providing motivators. This contrasts with theories that bundle all needs into a single progression or focus on management styles rather than distinct need categories.